Ancient DNA Laboratory

I chat with Dr. Niraj Rai from The Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences about the latest paper published in www.cell.com. Dr. Rai is one of the co-authors of this paper. You can read the paper here https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(19)30967-5#%20 Follow Dr. Rai: Twitter: @NirajRai3 ------------------------------------------------------------ Listen to the podcasts on: SoundCloud: https://soundcloud.com/kushal-mehra-99891819 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/1rVcDV3upgVurMVW1wwoBp Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-c%C4%81rv%C4%81ka-podcast/id1445348369 Stitcher: https://www.stitcher.com/show/the-carvaka-podcast ------------------------------------------------------------ Support The Cārvāka Podcast: Become a Member on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKPxuul6zSLAfKSsm123Vww/join Become a Member on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/carvaka UPI: kushalmehra@icici To buy The Carvaka Podcast Exclusive Merch please visit: http://kushalmehra.com/shop ------------------------------------------------------------ Follow Kushal: Twitter: https://twitter.com/kushal_mehra?ref_src=twsrc%5Egoogle%7Ctwcamp%5Eserp%7Ctwgr%5Eauthor Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/KushalMehraOfficial/? Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thecarvakapodcast/?hl=en Koo: https://www.kooapp.com/profile/kushal_mehra Inquiries: https://kushalmehra.com/ Feedback: kushalmehra81@gmail.com

In this podcast, Kushal speaks with Koenraad Elst and Niraj Rai about the recent updates around the Aryan Invasion Theory. In light of the recent findings of the Southern Arc papers can we still conclude that South Russia is the Proto-Indo-European homeland? Follow them: Twitter: @ElstKoenraad Twitter: @NirajRai3 #AryanInvasion #ProtoIndoEuropean #OutOfIndia ------------------------------------------------------------ Listen to the podcasts on: SoundCloud: https://soundcloud.com/kushal-mehra-99891819 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/1rVcDV3upgVurMVW1wwoBp Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-c%C4%81rv%C4%81ka-podcast/id1445348369 Stitcher: https://www.stitcher.com/show/the-carvaka-podcast ------------------------------------------------------------ Support The Cārvāka Podcast: Become a Member on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKPx... Become a Member on Fanmo: https://fanmo.in/the_carvaka_podcast Become a Member on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/carvaka UPI: kushalmehra@icici To buy The Carvaka Podcast Exclusive Merch please visit: http://kushalmehra.com/shop ------------------------------------------------------------ Follow Kushal: Twitter: https://twitter.com/kushal_mehra?ref_... Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/KushalMehraO... Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thecarvakap... Koo: https://www.kooapp.com/profile/kushal... Inquiries: https://kushalmehra.com/ Feedback: kushalmehra81@gmail.com 00:00:00 - Intro 00:01:20 - The proto indo european homeland 00:04:03 - the South Russain homeland 00:09:50 - using genetic 00:12:17 - the direction language follows 00:17:37 - The Indian Homeland 00:24:00 - Multiple Migrations 00:31:57 - Iranian Ancestry and genetics 00:41:22 - The Khichdi Culture 00:44:28 - Timelines of migration 00:51:21 - disproving OIT

DR. NIRAJ RAI - REVISITING THE PAST TO NARROWING THE LITERARY ERRORS: DNA ANALYSIS AND HUMAN AND ANIMAL MIGRATION

India's ancient history is marred by distortions and perversions like Aryan Invasion Theory, disappearing India's Science and corrupting its chronology. Dr. Shiv Shastry, Dr. Niraj Rai, Abhijit Chavda and Nilesh Oak are hosted by Sanjay Dixit to discuss how to get Indians their real history by 2030 Event Schedule - https://www.thejaipurdialogues.com/events.html #TJD21 #Ramayana #AncientHistory #LordRama #Ayodhya #JaipurDialogues -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Support The Jaipur Dialogues -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ▪️PayTM/GPay: +91 9829055606 ▪️UPI - fcbizjddigital@freecharge ▪️PayPal - https://www.paypal.com/paypalme/jddigitalin ▪️DebitCard/CreditCard/NetBanking - https://www.jddigital.in/support/ ▪️Monthly Subscription Plans - https://www.jddigital.in/subscription/ ▪️Support Us on Patreon - https://www.patreon.com/thejaipurdialogues Accounts Details for Direct Transfer: Bank Name: AXIS Bank A/C Name: JD Digital Private Limited A/C No.: 920020063880439 IFSC Code: UTIB0001645 Swift Code: AXISINBB010 Type: Current Account Email: contact@jddigital.in -------------------------------------------------------------------------- WhatsApp and Telegram -------------------------------------------------------------------------- Questions via WhatsApp - +91 8619317791 Telegram Channel - https://t.me/thejaipurdialogues WhatsApp Group - https://chat.whatsapp.com/L1wgWUrMdapBxZpsRFi1ei -------------------------------------------------------------------------- JOIN #TheJaipurDialogues -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ➿Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thejaipurdialogues/ ➿Twitter: https://twitter.com/JaipurDialogues ➿Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thejaipurdialogues/ ➿Spotify: https://tinyurl.com/j85j9x24 ➿IndicPortal by Jaipur Dialogues: https://www.thejaipurdialogues.com/indic-corner/ ➿Koo: https://www.kooapp.com/profile/thejaipurdialogues ➿Clubhouse: @thejaipurdialogues

Jaipur Dialogues 2019 | Session on much talked about Aryan Invasion Theory On Stage - 1. David Frawley (Pandit Vamdev Shastri) 2. Abhijit Chavda 3. Shiv Shastry 4. Niraj Rai 5. Arvindan Neelakandan 6. Sanjay Dixit #AryanInvastionTheory #JaipurDialogues2019 #Win2Cr ------------------------------------------------------ Twitter Handle - @jaipurdialogues ------------------------------------------------------ The distinguished panel discusses the origins of the Aryan Invasion Theory, its propagation, and how it has been totally discredited. Aravindan Neelakandan gives the insights into the Biblical racist narrative that was used by the Church through the linguists to supplant the original linguist fascination for Sanskrit and the Out of India Theory. The best part of this Theory is that it was never scientifically validated, yet Church operatives like Robert Caldwell and Verrier Elwin used it to sow the seeds of division in the form of Dravidianist and Evangelical politics in the South and North-East of India. Ever since the discovery of Indus Valley sites of Harappa and Mohan-jo-Daro, AIT has been on the defensive, first trying to transform itself into Aryan Migration Theory, and then just keeping up the propaganda through Left historians. After the archaeological excavations of Lothal and Dvaraka, the chronology of AIT became totally untenable, and the Biblical chronology was demolished in the West itself. AIT found its last defenders among geneticists, but as Dr. Niraj Rai would tell us in this video, even that fig leaf has crumbled. Do watch this informative and serious discussion that covers almost every aspect of the issue.

Niraj Rai, Aravindan Neelakandan, Abhijit Chavda, Meenakshi Jain, Anand Ranaganathan (Chair)

World's Best Masterclass on Geopolitics: Geopolitics From First Principles. Enroll here - https://www.ac.university Dr. Niraj Rai is one of the world's foremost experts in archaeogenetics and molecular biology. He is the Group Head of the Ancient DNA Lab at Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow. https://www.bsip.res.in/bsip_director.php?id=STA48 He specializes in the use of next-generation sequencing data to study human population histories. He has authored and co-authored numerous ground-breaking papers on genetics. OUTLINE: 00:00 Introduction 00:37 What is DNA? 01:56 What is nuclear (autosomal) DNA and how is it different from other DNA types? 04:00 What is RNA? 04:50 What are haplogroups? 10:46 Out-of-Africa migration: genetic, archaeological evidence 13:22 Out-of-African dispersal: happened via India along coastal route 14:22 The oldest non-African haplogroups (lineages) originated in India 15:58 Haplogroup F: oldest non-African male lineage originated in India 17:25 Incredible diversity in India's genetics; including R1a 18:36 Ancestral "North Indian" & "South Indian" ancestry (ANI and ASI): oversimplified, incorrect, obsolete model of Indian population genetics 23:40 ANI and ASI does NOT correspond to "Aryans" and "Dravidians" 25:04 What is "Iranian ancestry"? How old is it? 26:00 The "Iranian ancestry" found in Rakhigarhi sample was Indian ancestry 27:04 The unproven ASSUMPTION of closeness between Onge (Andamanese) ancestry & Indian ancestry 28:23 What is "Steppe ancestry"; how old is it? Is it present in Indians? 32:44 Steppe ancestry in India: a minor, slow, gradual, trickle-down population influx. Not a major migration. 33:53 Steppe ancestry trickle in India can easily be explained by small Scythian, Kushan, Hunnic influxes in India starting ~2,200 years before present 34:45 India's enormously diverse population cannot be force-fitted into simplistic categories (ASI, ANI, etc.) 38:33 Is Steppe ancestry related to Europe's Yamnaya invaders? 39:22 Rakhigarhi DNA - how old is it, U2 haplogroup (matrilineal) 40:17 Why is it so difficult to extract ancient DNA samples in India? 41:49 Rakhigarhi DNA: Indus periphery ancestry 43:53 Undeniable proof of large-scale Out-Of-India migrations 45:42 The Aryan invasion/migration theory is dead 47:04 Difference between "Harappan" culture and Ganga Plain culture 49:30 R1a1a patrilineal lineage diversified in India at least ~10,000 YBP: most likely originated in Indian subcontinent 53:45 R1b (Yamnaya patrilineal lineage) also most likely originated in India 54:43 Indians have negligible Neanderthal ancestry: how this debunks Aryan invasion/migration theory 57:01 Jati-Varna ("caste") stratification & endogamy in India: what does genetic data show? Founder effects, population bottlenecks 01:02:20 Domestication of horses in ancient India happened at least 4,500 years before present 01:05:09 Indian Zebu cattle spread across the world at least 8,000 YBP 01:07:26 Ancient Indians settled in Australia at least ~6,000 years ago, along with Indian dhole dogs (ancestors of Australian dingos) 01:08:00 Ancient Indian ancestry in Indonesia; modern Indonesians have ~10% Indian ancestry 01:09:52 Denisovan ancestry: found in Tibet, South-East Asia, highland populations 01:10:46 The world's oldest evidence of Agriculture: CONSISTENTLY found in Indian subcontinent. India is the true cradle of civilization. 14:33:21 Lakshadweep islands DNA: exact match with Kerala 01:16:27 The people of Yemen have Indian ancestry 01:17:05 Cultural & genetic affinity between India and Eastern Africa 01:18:24 Queen Ketevan of Kakheti, Georgia: how an ancient murder mystery was solved 01:22:19 What genetic research needs to be undertaken in India, in the future? What big questions remain unanswered? 01:26:01 India needs a lot more geneticists; better policies, direction & leadership 01:27:40 Advice/roadmap for aspiring geneticists 01:31:25 India is a goldmine for future research: linguistics, history, anthropology, sociology, genetics SUPPORT THE CHANNEL: ►UPI (G-Pay/PhonePe/Paytm): abhijitchavda@icici ►PayPal: https://paypal.me/AbhijitChavda ►Become A Member on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC2bBsPXFWZWiBmkRiNlz8vg/join JOIN #AbhijitChavda: ★Discord: https://discord.gg/eemzQGDZZe ★Twitter: http://twitter.com/AbhijitChavda ★Instagram: http://instagram.com/TheAbhijitChavda ★Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TheAbhijitChavda ★Website: http://AbhijitChavda.com ★Email Inquiries: inquiries.chavda@gmail.com #AbhijitChavdaPodcast #NirajRai #Abhijit #Chavda

Reconstructions of the past effective population size strongly suggest that South Asia has been populated almost since the Early Upper Palaeolithic. One of the probable explanations of this pattern relates to the fact that South Asia was among the first geographic regions to be peopled by modern humans after their African exodus. Today, various ethnic groups of South Asia comprise tribes, castes, & populations identifying themselves by different religions, being largely endogamous & hence revealing complex, multilayer genetic differentiation. From such a complex structure, several questions have stood out from our & other research groups analyses that could not be addressed a few years ago but can be now using the latest technology & resolution. The novelty of the approaches rely largely, though not solely, on extensive high-coverage sequencing of specifically targeted modern & ancient samples, autosomal SNP genotyping of specific populations, extensive Y chromosome resequencing of selected population groups (Tribal & caste populations from different geographical area) & statistical analysis of the results in the context of human genomic variation worldwide. Speaker: Niraj Rai (NR) is a molecular biologist by training and specialized in ancient DNA analysis and generating next-generation sequencing data to study genetic histories of the human population. He is an expert researcher in retrieving and analysing ancient DNA from the challenging arid and tropical environments of South and South East Asia. He founded and runs the only successful aDNA lab in India, and has a rapidly expanding portfolio of research into the history, diversity and evolution of ancient and modern Indian populations, as well as work on animal and pathogen genetics. Niraj is closely working with Anthropologists and Archaeologists of South and South East Asia and established collaboration with over 40 institutions across the Indian sub-continent. He has catalogued and collected archaeological samples that exist in collections from all over the country. His recent findings on ancient DNA published in Science, Cell & Nature Communications was shared and discussed heavily on international scientific forum. His paper, as a corresponding author entitled- “An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers,” published in 2019 Picked up heavily by Archaeologists and Biological Anthropologists. His research article published in nature communication in 2019 entitled- “Ancient DNA from the skeletons of Roopkund lake reveals Mediterranean migrants in India” solved the genetic identity of human skeletons from a mysterious high-altitude Himalayan Lake. His co-authored research article in journal Science (2019) entitled- “The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia” was one of the milestone papers on Central and South Asian ancestry. His another first authored paper in Scientific Reports published in 2020 entitled- “Ancient mtDNA from the extinct Indian Cheetah supports unexpectedly deep divergence from African cheetahs” has enormous implication in conservation and reintroduction of extinct Cheetah species in India. Topics covered: 0:00 Intro 1:03 Evolution of modern humans 5:26 Study on Genetic diversity of India 22:00 Gene flow and other studies 42:00 Concluding Remarks Q&A 46:40 Genetic evidence for emmigration from India? 50:45 Migration out of India was bi-directional or uni-directional? 52:50 Dr Premendra Priyadarshi's genetic studies about mice & cattle 56:00 How can similarity of population prove the migration? 59:05 On one of Dr Niraj Rai's papers on the Yamnya homeland 1:00:56 Orissa's history and genetic studies 1:06:47 Indus cline ancestry in the deep south? 1:08:25 Future publications of Dr Niraj Rai? Join our newsletter for getting updates on upcoming lectures: https://www.sangamtalks.com/subscribe Join our YouTube video channel for learning about new video releases: Hindi : https://www.youtube.com/sangamhindi English : https://www.youtube.com/c/SangamTalks Tamil : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCH3afXBAYabOqTIi4uKFbZg Punjabi : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiJdh1RmnQIYnGERJ2jAFCA Bhojpuri : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVQERR3gS0PmEDHKUgCW9LA Marathi : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCPmqDkiFNgGs95D3g6mBcmg Malayalam : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCMVssln7NCnwv88-UVMtNpw Shorts : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC1a89nobV2ozUlFpDhp7QIw Bangla : https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC8ehxDugiAxBxPLsZNTM_rQ For updates you may follow us on: Facebook : https://www.facebook.com/sangamtalks Instagram : https://www.instagram.com/sangamtalks/ Telegram : https://t.me/sangamtalks Twitter : https://twitter.com/sangamtalks Koo : https://www.kooapp.com/profile/sangamtalks Website : https://www.sangamtalks.org Donate : https://www.sangamtalks.org/donate